Jan Huyghen van Linschoten's beautiful and rare map of the Middle East, including Persia, Arabia and India. Three elaborate strapwork cartouches, an enormous compass rose, two ships and a sea monster are used for decoration. A unicorn is depicted in India. The outline of India is remarkably well for the period.

The map is based on Portuguese portolans and was published in Jan Huyghen's Itinerario, a detailed description of the Portuguese empire in the East, about trade, prices, products, sailing instructions, power balance, ethnographic descriptions, etc. For the Dutch and the English, the Itinerario served as a guideline for their expansion in the Far East.

The map is one of three Linschoten maps that covers part of the Indian Ocean and is surprisingly accurate compared to modern day maps of the region.

Interestingly, unlike the other maps of Linschoten, this map is not derived from an earlier Petrus Plancius or a Bartolomeo de Lasso map. Toponyms suggest that it goes back to Arabic sources.

Maps from the Itinerario are considered to be among the most decorative items of early cartography, because they combine the elaborate decorations and inaccuracy of the late sixteenth century with the craftmanship of advanced copperplate engraving that had developed by then.

Linschoten, a Dutchman born in Delft, was secretary to the Portuguese Archbishop in Goa between 1583 and 1589. These experiences were recorded in the present work, which was first published in Dutch (Amsterdam: 1595-1596), and contains the most comprehensive account of the East and West Indies available at the end of the sixteenth century. As well as including important travel accounts from contemporary Portuguese, Dutch and Spanish sources, it is the first work to include precise sailing instructions for the Indies and also includes an account of America.

The Itinerario provided detailed practical information on how to get to and carry on the trade with America and India. The work was indispensible to sailors on the route to the Indies; it provided a dictionary of exotic commodities, of national trading methods, etc. Linschoten's work, along with Hakluyt's, served as a direct stimulus to the building of the vast English and Dutch overseas empires. Legend has it that copies were given to every ship sailing to India to use as a log-book.

The five detail maps of Van Linschoten's Itinerario, all of which were engraved by Arnold Floris and Hendrik Floris van Langren, cover a large proportion of the non-European world known at the time. According to the map titles, these detail maps were composed with the aid of the best Portuguese and Spanish charts and rutters. These maps clearly reveal the influence of the set of maps that Cornelis Claesz had already published previously (1592-94), for which Petrus Plancius was responsible. Plancius's maps were copied for inclusion into Van Linschoten's work. These copies differ only in minor details from the originals.

(Schilder)

Van Linschoten, born in Haarlem, is heard of in the service of the Portuguese Archbishop of Goa where he spent five years between 1583 and 1588.

On his return to Holland he produced a History of his travels, important for the inclusion of maps from Portuguese sources, at that time rarely available to Dutch – or any other – cartographers. The maps (including a world map by Petrus Plancius) engraved by van Langren, are highly decorative with large cartouches, the arms of Portugal, compass roses, rhumb lines and sea monsters. Some are illustrated with views of prominent places or islands.

(Moreland and Bannister)